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Fermionic quantum systems have been studied intensively for more than five decades. Many theoretical approaches (see, for example, [1]-[14]) have been developed but the common feature of all is the derivation of the quantum mechanical Boltzmann kinetic equation (henceforth referred to as the quantum kinetic equation or QKE) which describes the evolution and relaxation of the particle number, , due to collisions. It is the analogue of the classical kinetic equation (KE) of wave turbulence (see, e.g., [15]) and its natural quantum extension to boson gases. The QKE accounts for phase space blocking effects (Pauli exclusion principle) and is equivalent to what one would obtain by treating the scattering cross-section using the second Born approximation. Examples of variations of this equation and its derivation include the Lenard-Balescu equation which accounts for dynamical screening effects (see, e.g., [7]-[8]). Other extensions include generalized scattering cross sections, such as the exchange effects (crossed diagrams), as well as T-matrix effects (see, e.g., [2],[9]). T-matrix approaches are especially important in systems that allow for bound states. Further generalizations of the quantum Boltzmann equation are the various forms of the Kadanoff-Baym equations. The most general Kadanoff-Baym equations are two-time equations which describe charge-carrier correlations consistently with relaxation dynamics. The Markov approximation, which is the lowest-order gradient expansion with respect to macroscopic times, yields the familiar form of the Lenard-Balescu equation, and the additional static screening and small momentum transfer approximation yields the Landau kinetic equation. In contrast to the slow relaxation dynamics for which the Kadanoff-Baym gradient expansion is applicable, recent investigations have addressed the issue of ultrafast relaxation and the related problems of memory effects as contained in the Kadanoff-Baym equations (see, e.g., [11] and all references therein) and in the generalized Kadanoff-Baym equations of Lipavski, Spicka, and Velicky (see, e.g., [12]-[14]).
In all of the derivations, the principal obstacle to be overcome is the closure problem. Due to the nonlinear character of the quantum mechanical Coulomb interaction Hamiltonian, the time evolution of the expectation values of two operator products such as are determined by four operator expectation values . The problem compounds. The time evolution of the N operator product expectation value is determined by (N+2) operator expectation values and one is left with an infinite set of moment operator equations known as the BBGKY hierarchy. The closure problem is to find a self consistent approximation of this infinite hierarchy which reduces the infinite set of coupled equations to an infinite set of equations which are essentially decoupled. To do this, one needs to make approximations and these almost always involve the introduction of small parameters.
In what follows we introduce one such small parameter, the relative
strength
, of the coupling coefficient
in the system Hamiltonian ( d-dimensional system volume)
There are essentially two reasons for the successful closure of the hierarchy over long times (asymptotic closure). First, to leading order in , the cumulants (the non Gaussian part) corresponding to the expectation values of products of operators () play no role in the long time behavior of cumulants of order . This is a consequence of phase mixing and due to the nondegenerate nature of the dispersion relation . In fact, we will find that these (zeroth order in ) cumulants slowly decay. The net result is that the initial state (subject to certain smoothness conditions) plays no role in the long time dynamics. Second, and more important, the higher order (in ) contributions to these -operator cumulants, which are generated directly by the nonlinearities in the system, are dominated by products of lower order cumulants. Some of these dominant terms are supported only on certain well defined low dimensional (resonant) manifolds in momentum space. These are responsible for the redistribution of particle number among the different momentum states and for the slow decay in time of the leading order approximation to the cumulants of order . The other dominant terms are nonlocal and lead to a nonlinear frequency renormalization of .
As a result, we are led to a very simple and natural asymptotic closure of the BBGKY hierarchy.
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